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Unlike Greek theaters, Roman ones were large, free-standing buildings of semi-circular design, containing tiered ranks of seats. Here would be situated the homes of rich and poor, the shops, cafes and workshops of the town, more temples and public baths, and a theater, maybe two. Stretching away from the forum were the cities streets, forming a grid pattern so that a map of a city would look like a multitude of square blocks. View facing North East from above the Portico Dii Consentes. The public buildings surrounding it would include the main temple, the basilica (the main government building where the town council met and town administration was carried on), the law courts (if separate from the Basilica), and the main public baths of the city. It functioned as a market place, political meeting point and social center. This was an open space surrounded by colonnades and public buildings.

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Every free person in the empire belonged to a city – which may not necessarily have been where he or she was living at any given time, but was his or her “home town”.

For the Romans, cities were communities which ran their own affairs, and constituted the main building-blocks of the empire. The Roman Empire contained around 2000 “cities”. These cities had some features which would have looked very familiar to us: high rise apartment blocks, overcrowded slums, busy streets, plazas, imposing public administrative buildings, and so on. The empire had a handful of other cities with several hundred thousand inhabitants, and many other large and wealthy urban settlements. However, as it grew more powerful and more extensive, it became one of the most urbanized societies in the pre-industrial world.Īt the height of its empire, Rome was probably the largest city on the planet, with more than a million inhabitants. The Economy and Society of the Roman WorldĪncient Roman society originated as a society of small farmers. However, the Romans would give Greek culture their own slant, giving it a new grandeur which can be seen in Roman remains throughout the empire. From then on Greek influence would become an increasingly important element within Roman life. As Rome’s reach expanded, it came into direct contact with the Greeks. In its early centuries Rome was particularly influenced by the powerful Etruscan civilization to its north, from which it acquired many aspects of its culture. The civilization of Ancient Rome was rooted, directly or indirectly, in all these earlier culture.

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The most famous of these was that of the Ancient Greeks, but others included those of the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians and the Etruscans, plus several lesser-known peoples such as the Lycians. Rome’s location in central Italy placed it squarely within the Mediterranean cluster of civilizations. At its greatest extent in stretched from present-day northern England to southern Egypt, and from the Atlantic coast to the shores of the Persian Gulf. The term Ancient Rome refers to the city of Rome, which was located in central Italy and also to the empire it came to rule, which covered the entire Mediterranean basin and much of western Europe. (See a more detailed timeline of the Roman Republic.) (This article offers an overview of ancient Rome and its civilization for links to articles dealing with different aspects of Rome and its empire in more detail, go to the bottom of the article The Roman Empire.)ħ53 BCE – traditional date for the founding of ancient Romeĥ09 BCE – traditional date for the founding of the Roman Republicģ90 BCE – traditional date for the sack of Rome by the GaulsĢ64-241 and 218-202 BCE – The First and Second Punic Wars (the great wars with Carthage)Ĩ3-31 BCE – period of Civil Wars leads to the fall of the Roman RepublicĢ7 BCE – Augustus establishes himself as the first of the Roman emperorsġ17 – the Roman Empire reaches its largest extentģ12 – the conversion of the emperor Constantine to ChristianityĤ76 – the last Roman emperor in the West is deposed For coverage of the history of ancient Rome and the Roman Empire, look at the article on The Roman Empire. This article deals primarily with Roman life and culture.

However, whereas the Roman Empire lasted from about 30 BCE to 476 CE, Ancient Roman civilization emerged long before, in the centuries after 800 BCE. The ancient Romans built one of the greatest empires in world history.